Human Skeleton and Muscles: Anatomy and Physiology

Human Skeleton and Muscles: Anatomy and Physiology SABRINA PACE-HUMPHREYS UNIT TITLE:Â  ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON AND MUSCLES In a short account explain skeletal and bone features which aid them to carry out their roles, Remember to link structure and function for both. Adult skeletons consist of 206 individual bones arranged in two divisions – axial and appendicular skeleton. The former runs along the body’s midline and includes skull, rib and vertebral column regions. The latter consists of bones in upper limbs such as the radius and ulna, lower limbs and pelvic girdle regions. Skeletal key functions: Support – Structural framework for the body, supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for skeletal muscle tendons. Protection of internal organs from injury. E.g. rib cage protects lungs and heart. Movement – Most skeletal muscles attach to bones and, on contraction, pull to produce movement. E.g. thigh muscles attach to the femur and pull on it during hip/knee joint movement. Mineral storage/release – Bone tissue stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus which aid bone strength. Minerals are released on demand into blood to maintain mineral balances/travel to other body parts. Blood cell production – Bones like pelvic and rib bones (adults) contain red bone marrow producing red blood cells. Triglyceride storage – Yellow marrow consists of adipose cells storing triglyceride chemical energy reserve. Bones are living organs made of cells, protein fibres and minerals. They include: Diaphysis/Epiphyses – Bone shaft/End Mataphyses – Region between above structures. In growing bone it contains a growth plate/layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the bone to lengthen. Articular cartilage Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering part of the epiphyses where the bone forms a joint with another bone. Reduces friction/absorbs shock at freely moveable joints. Periosteum Tough connective tissue sheath. Protects bone, assists in fracture repair, nourishes bone tissue, serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. Associated blood supply surrounds bone surface when articular cartilage not present. The inner osteogenic layer, consisting of cells, allows bone to grow in thickness. Medullary cavity Hollow space within diaphysis containing fatty bone marrow and blood vessels. Minimizes weight of the bone by reducing dense bone material where not needed. Tubular design of provides maximum strength with minimum weight. Part 1 – Explain what joint and muscle movements are involved in running and how are they involved. The legs move forward using the quadriceps at the front of the thigh. Quadriceps bend (flex) the hip joint and straighten (extend) and stabilise the knee. As the body moves forward the hamstrings are recruited to straighten (extend) the hip and bend (flex) the knee. They also help to bend the knee behind a runner. At the same time the muscles of the lower leg (inner and outer calf) extend and flex each ankle/foot during landing and take off e.g. plantar and dorsi flexion of the ankle joint. Impact is also absorbed by these muscles. The gluteal muscles not only help to extend the hip but also stabilize the trunk, keeping a runner upright. Hip flexors and extenders work with quads and hamstrings to move legs forward and back as well as stabilizing the hip joint which contributes to good running form. The arms and shoulders are another key driving force for running power. The arms, which when running are held in a partially flexed position at the elbow joint due to the triceps flexing, are continuously moving at the shoulder joint in a backwards-forwards direction when running. This movement is also strengthened, and held, by recruitment of the Trapezius muscles. Part 2 – Explain what joint and muscle movements are involved in working at a computer in an office and how are they involved. When working at a computer the following joint and muscle movements, starting from the tip of the head, are: The cervical vertebrae pivot joint enables our head to turn side-to-side/up and down which assists us when looking for information on a computer screens. Elbow joints, when resting or hovering over a desk, are in a constant 90 degree flexed state with the bicep muscles being flexed to bring the elbow joint to this position. The wrist joints, when working on a keyboard, are moving left, right and up and down closely followed by the finger and thumb joints which are flexing, extending and hovering to enable typing. Midline joints, such as vertebrae, hips, pelvis etc are in a neutral position in order to alleviate back pain associated with sitting for long periods of time. Well developed core muscles in the abdomen, back (latissimus dorsi) and shoulders help to keep us sitting upright in a neutral spinal position by continually contracting. When sitting our hips may often be pushed slightly out of line/forward, the joint is flexed. Gluteus muscles are in a constant state of flexion when a person is sitting as are the knee joints (if a person is sitting with the soles of their feet on the floor). Skeletal muscles have complicated structures that allow them to move, what are these structures and how do they allow muscles to carry out their roles. Skeletal muscle consists of numerous elongated muscle fibre cells arranged in fasciculi bundles. These bundles are separated by endomysium connective tissue with each of these surrounded by a stronger perimysium sheath. Blood vessels transport nutrients/oxygen in and move metabolic waste away. Hundreds of muscle fibres are enclosed within the epimysium connective tissue envelope and extend the muscles full length. Fibres consist of cell membrane, myofibril, sarcoplasm (containing organelles such as mitochondria) and myofilaments actin and myosin. Myosin is surrounded by 6 actin (each consisting of two heads wrapped around each other). At the myosin binding site on the actin (the twist) the myosin head attaches and both filaments overlap creating cross-bridges. When overlapping the myosin head containing ATPase enzyme releases ATP, powering muscle contraction. Muscle contraction triggers when an impulse from the central nervous system is sent to a muscle via a motor neuron nerve. When it reaches the fibre the Sliding Filament Mechanism a series of chemical events causing the above actin/myosin to overlap described above is triggered. Myosin pulls on actin shortening the sarcomere. This signal is synchronized across all fibres so all myofibrils contract simultaneously. Muscular functions are to produce body movements such as locomotion e.g. running; stabilize body positions; store and move substances around the body (oxygen to the muscle and metabolic waste from it); generate heat through contraction vital for maintaining body temperature. Antagonistic muscle pairs work in opposition with one moving a joint in one direction and another moving it back. E.g. the bicep contracts to bend the arm while the tricep muscle releases. Three types of voluntary muscle fibre: Type 1 – Slow twitch fibres using aerobic respiration for sustained muscular contractions, such as maintaining posture. Type 2a – Fast Oxidative Fibres: mix of type 1 and 2b fibres using aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce fast, strong muscle contractions used in resistance training. Type 2b – Fast Twitch Glycolictic Fibres using anaerobic respiration for short, fast bursts of power. ‘Movement requires muscle and all muscles have antagonistic pairs’. Using this as the title write a short account of how muscle contraction and antagonism is vital for the co-ordinated movement of an organism. 200 words Muscles are attached to bones by tendons so that when a muscle contracts (shortens) it pulls on the bone and, if part of a joint, said bone moves. Muscles can only pull, they can’t push. So, if a joint was only controlled by one muscle, it would cause a problem as the bone would move in one direction and stay there. Voluntary antagonistic muscles work in opposition so that when one group contracts the other relaxes. It’s impossible to fully stimulate the contraction of two antagonistic muscles at the same time. Muscles allow us to stand and sit by contracting/releasing constantly to stabilise the skeleton and to walk and run by contracting/releasing to move lower body limbs. Antagonistic pairs normally consist of a flexor and extensor. E.g. to flex the elbow, the bicep flexor muscle works across three joints while the tricep (extensor) muscle is primarily concerned with extension of the elbow joint. To move our legs we need to use the lower limbs and it is here that antagonistic muscles such as the quadriceps and hamstring work together to move the upper leg limbs while the tibalis anterior works in opposition to the calf muscle to move the lower leg. Bibliography Bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Functions of the skeleton. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/2_anatomy_skeleton_rev1.shtml [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Bbc.co.uk, (2015). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Muscle tone and posture. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/3_anatomy_muscles_rev5.shtml [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Bbc.co.uk, (2015). BBC Science Nature Human Body and Mind Muscles Layer. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeletalsmoothandcardiac/quadriceps_animation.shtml [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Kelly, J. (2014). Leg Muscles Used in Running HowStuffWorks. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/running/training/leg-workouts-for-runners1.htm [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Mackenzie, B. (2014). Movement Analysis. [online] Brianmac.co.uk. Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Marieb, E. (1995). Human anatomy and physiology. Redwood City, Calif. [etc.]: Benjamin/Cummings, pp.293, 295. S-cool.co.uk, (2014). GCSE PE How the Body Moves Revision Joints | S-cool, the revision website. [online] Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/pe/how-the-body-moves/revise-it/joints [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Tortora, G. and Grabowski, S. (2003). Principles of anatomy and physiology. New York: Wiley, pp.290 304.

Miss Brill

Mansfield did a really good Job at using theme through characterization. She first used Miss Broil's attitude and appearance. Miss. Brills was a very classy old lady, â€Å"Miss Brills was glad that she had decided on her fur. † Back in the period that Miss Brills lived, it was very elegant to wear a type of fur around your neck, this usually symbolized wealth. The theme here would be acceptance, this connects to the world because there is always that one piece of clothing everyone wants or wears as a status symbol.The author also uses characterization through action or incident when Miss Brills is in her own world acting as if she is part off play when two young people pull her back to reality. † It's her if-our which is so funny, â€Å"giggled the girl. â€Å"It's exactly like a fried whiting. † This shocks Miss Brills because she has never experienced insult before, she's always controlling what she wants to see and hear. When the young couple makes fun of her fur she realizes that she doesn't live in a fantasy and she has a hard time handling that. The theme here is reality.All of us have that escape, we can think of something and our whole attitude changes like Miss Brills, and maybe hat's what some of us need an escape from the harsh world that is reality. The author portrayed Miss Brills as a very detailed emotional character from the beginning. The section that most symbolized that emotion was â€Å"on her way home she usually bought a slice of honey- cake at the baker's. It was her Sunday treat; sometimes there was an almond in in her slice, sometimes not. It made a great difference. â€Å"If there was an almond it was like carrying home a little tiny present. † This one simple thing impacted her whole entire day.That single almond determined either or not she was going to have a good day or a bad day. It's really sad that all Miss Brills had to look forward to what may be the possibility an almond in her honey- cake. This relates to society because there are a lot of people who are introverts, and rely on a tiny piece of glory like Miss Brills does. Human society is so obsessed with what we have going on that we don't branch out and interact with other people, which makes it hard for people like Miss Brills to fit in or feel important. Tibias Wolff used characterization through Hunters in the snow really well, with Tub, Frank andKenny. Tibias used the theme reflection for Tub as well as physical characterization, â€Å"You ought to see yourself,† the driver said. â€Å"He looks Just like a beach ball with a hat on, doesn't he? Doesn't he, Frank? † People Judge people everyday because of their weight, what clothes they wear, what backpack they have and whom they hang out with, our society is based on prejudices, seen in the real world as well as the book. Jenny's characterization would definitely be through his dialogue because he was just like every bully in the world, â€Å"Okay,† Kenny said. â€Å"l wont say a word.Like I won't say anything about a certain babysitter. † He's using the theme of power he thinks he has with something someone willingly trusted him with and using it against him, people do this when they want something or they are Just rude. As for Frank his characterization and theme was shown through his emotion, â€Å"l mean _really_ in love. † He squeezed Tub's wrist. â€Å"With your whole being. † Frank was a very emotional person, you saw it through the way he treated Tub, and he was torn because if he didn't act like Kenny, Kenny would have mistreated his deepest secret.Frank also had relations with a babysitter, which he thought he loved; this may have Just been a cover up, for his unwillingness to want to grow older. She possibly made him feel alive again. This happens in real life too people get to a certain age where they want to feel young again, so they make modifications to their body and their life style. The se authors did a really amazing Job at using characterization through their stories I really felt like I understood the characters and what they were going through and how it related to my life or the world around me. Miss Brill Mansfield did a really good Job at using theme through characterization. She first used Miss Broil's attitude and appearance. Miss. Brills was a very classy old lady, â€Å"Miss Brills was glad that she had decided on her fur. † Back in the period that Miss Brills lived, it was very elegant to wear a type of fur around your neck, this usually symbolized wealth. The theme here would be acceptance, this connects to the world because there is always that one piece of clothing everyone wants or wears as a status symbol.The author also uses characterization through action or incident when Miss Brills is in her own world acting as if she is part off play when two young people pull her back to reality. † It's her if-our which is so funny, â€Å"giggled the girl. â€Å"It's exactly like a fried whiting. † This shocks Miss Brills because she has never experienced insult before, she's always controlling what she wants to see and hear. When the young couple makes fun of her fur she realizes that she doesn't live in a fantasy and she has a hard time handling that. The theme here is reality.All of us have that escape, we can think of something and our whole attitude changes like Miss Brills, and maybe hat's what some of us need an escape from the harsh world that is reality. The author portrayed Miss Brills as a very detailed emotional character from the beginning. The section that most symbolized that emotion was â€Å"on her way home she usually bought a slice of honey- cake at the baker's. It was her Sunday treat; sometimes there was an almond in in her slice, sometimes not. It made a great difference. â€Å"If there was an almond it was like carrying home a little tiny present. † This one simple thing impacted her whole entire day.That single almond determined either or not she was going to have a good day or a bad day. It's really sad that all Miss Brills had to look forward to what may be the possibility an almond in her honey- cake. This relates to society because there are a lot of people who are introverts, and rely on a tiny piece of glory like Miss Brills does. Human society is so obsessed with what we have going on that we don't branch out and interact with other people, which makes it hard for people like Miss Brills to fit in or feel important. Tibias Wolff used characterization through Hunters in the snow really well, with Tub, Frank andKenny. Tibias used the theme reflection for Tub as well as physical characterization, â€Å"You ought to see yourself,† the driver said. â€Å"He looks Just like a beach ball with a hat on, doesn't he? Doesn't he, Frank? † People Judge people everyday because of their weight, what clothes they wear, what backpack they have and whom they hang out with, our society is based on prejudices, seen in the real world as well as the book. Jenny's characterization would definitely be through his dialogue because he was just like every bully in the world, â€Å"Okay,† Kenny said. â€Å"l wont say a word.Like I won't say anything about a certain babysitter. † He's using the theme of power he thinks he has with something someone willingly trusted him with and using it against him, people do this when they want something or they are Just rude. As for Frank his characterization and theme was shown through his emotion, â€Å"l mean _really_ in love. † He squeezed Tub's wrist. â€Å"With your whole being. † Frank was a very emotional person, you saw it through the way he treated Tub, and he was torn because if he didn't act like Kenny, Kenny would have mistreated his deepest secret.Frank also had relations with a babysitter, which he thought he loved; this may have Just been a cover up, for his unwillingness to want to grow older. She possibly made him feel alive again. This happens in real life too people get to a certain age where they want to feel young again, so they make modifications to their body and their life style. The se authors did a really amazing Job at using characterization through their stories I really felt like I understood the characters and what they were going through and how it related to my life or the world around me.

New Ideas Into Issue Essay Samples Gre Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Issue Essay Samples Gre Never Before Revealed What You Need to Know About Issue Essay Samples Gre It is perfect for students that are seeking to turn into subject experts or academicians in their various fields of interest. While attempting to learn how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step, students forget about another crucial activity. As stated earlier, most students aren't mindful of the difference between both concepts. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my family members. The introductory paragraph is perhaps the main paragraph in the essay since it's the very first and possibly last opportunity to generate an effect on the reader. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and a suitable structure. Your facts ought to be truthful. In reality, you can make up any topic you want all on your own, as long because there is unlimited amount of those. Should you need additional a ssistance with editing and revising, there are two or three free tools readily available online. The issue, nevertheless, is that not all businesses can be relied upon in order to deliver quality essays on time so you need to be cautious in selecting one. If you are in need of a website that will supply you with a thorough collection of samples, then you're at the appropriate place. Today, there are lots of on-line sites which provide sample papers. Who Else Wants to Learn About Issue Essay Samples Gre? The simplest approach to find out the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. Therefore, if you can't locate the word probability' embedded in the question, then watch out for other vital markers and relevant keyword phrases. You're going to need to select a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or distinct conclusions. Look through the list of topics with care and commence making a mental collection of the evide nce it is possible to use on topics you prefer. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. The principal portion of a quick essay is known as the body. A persuasive essay has to be able to grab the interest of the folks reading it easily. Writing of scholarship graduate essay is an incredibly tough academic task simply because students need to demonstrate they are capable of accomplishing the task that they're applying for. Students have to compose essays based on the teacher's instructions or their preferred style in writing. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain affordable essay rather than writing it themselves. Just adhere to the guidelines stated above, and you will be well on your way to writing an excellent persuasive essay. If you're already searching for persuasive essay examples online, you most likely have a somewhat vague idea on the best way to get started writing. An outline makes sure that you've got the vital components to compose a great essay. See that the objective of a persuasive speech is just like the purpose for writing an argumentative or persuasive essay. Many people think that high school entrance essays are comparatively less difficult to write than college entrance essays, that's the reason there are fewer places where you are able to get assistance with higher school entrance essays. With over 42,000 students across 144 programs and disciplines, it is likewise the largest technical university in the nation. High school, college, and sometimes even university students from all around the world are writing persuasive essays. There are lots of persuasive essay e xamples college students are able to make use of online. Ok, I Think I Understand Issue Essay Samples Gre, Now Tell Me About Issue Essay Samples Gre! All essays will have a certain topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. There's several essays completed by them. Our purpose is to supply you with a professionally written essay on the subject you require. The aim of a persuasive essay is to convince your readers your viewpoint is the correct viewpoint. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and offer a straightforward answer while at the identical time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. No matter this issue, the structure is precisely the same for any persuasive essay. It will be simpler that you compose an excellent persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. You are able to discover narrative essay examples wherever you locate a fantastic story.

The African American Healthcare Gap - 1654 Words

effected their decision. However, each variable listed on the study was associated with tracking all the factors involved with hearing loss. What singled out the most is that several of the candidates didn’t know anything or have heard about cochlear implants from their black counterparts, but were informed by medical professionals instead. The study was not to pointe the blame on medical professionals, insurances, and/ or physicians, but to take a deeper view of why is it that African Americans seem to lag behind in the healthcare improvement when new services and technologies are presented to them. Yet, as it stands, for the University of Cincinnati Physicians clinic – ENT department, 95% of the cochlear implants performed are†¦show more content†¦Illnesses or a defect, for that matter, shows their vulnerabilities, and having a hearing implant device connected on the head will certainly put a black CI patient in an uncomfortable position as they will have t o confront their community. Chapter 3 The Future for African Americans and Cochlear Implants Healthcare officials can’t have a discussion on improving the disparities with African Americans and cochlear implants without discussing the driving force that would bring about change and that is the physician. The physician knows first-hand which patients appear to be suffering as it relates to utilizing something that will undoubtedly improve their life. It compels most physician to establish leadership roles depending on their passion to making a difference for their patient’s well-being. Often times physicians find themselves being involved with institutional policy reforms and undergoing vast changes within their healthcare facility. As such, the changes are concurred with administrative officials who routinely revise programs and create comprehensive long-term goals. Although, there are a segmented growing number of physician leaders, it is not always embraced within health institutions and governmental legislations. Why? Because it seems to be that there is some type of disconnection as it relates to physicians and public policies. As such, public policies are for elected officials to